---
id: scenarios/flying-d-ranch-cattle-to-bison
about:
  label: 'The Flying D Ranch: from cattle to bison'
  description: >-
    A Montana cattle ranch of about 114,000 acres was turned over to bison in
    1989 and now carries about 4,500 of them. What did the switch change for
    grass, streams and wildlife, and could other ranches do it?
  tags:
    - bison
    - ranching
    - grazing
    - Montana
    - rewilding
scenario:
  place: >-
    Flying D Ranch, between the Gallatin and Madison rivers south of Bozeman,
    Montana
  since: '1989'
  scale: community
domains:
  - ecology
  - food
  - water
relations:
  - predicate: example_of
    target: questions/land-use-change
provenance:
  origin: agent
  sources:
    - title: Flying D Ranch (Turner Institute of Ecoagriculture)
      url: 'https://turnerecoagriculture.org/flying-d/'
    - title: >-
        In 1989, media billionaire Ted Turner bought the 113,613-acre Flying D
        ranch in Montana, removed its cattle and hundreds of miles of internal
        barbed-wire fencing, and shifted the land to bison (Space Daily, 1
        September 2026)
      url: >-
        https://spacedaily.com/m-in-1989-media-billionaire-ted-turner-bought-the-113-613-acre-flying-d-ranch-in-montana-removed-its-cattle-and-hundreds-of-miles-of-internal-barbed-wire-fencing-and-shifted-the-land/
    - title: >-
        Reintroducing bison results in long-running and resilient increases in
        grassland diversity (PNAS, 2022)
      url: 'https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9457053/'
    - title: >-
        Bison Reintroduction to Mixed-Grass Prairie Is Associated With Increases
        in Bird Diversity and Cervid Occupancy in Riparian Areas (Frontiers in
        Ecology and Evolution, 2022)
      url: >-
        https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/ecology-and-evolution/articles/10.3389/fevo.2022.821822/full
  created: '2026-10-23'
  reviewed: '2026-10-23'
  reviewed_by: 'Claude, from the sources listed'
  status: draft
---
In 1989 Ted Turner bought the Flying D, a cattle ranch in southwestern Montana that had run about 7,000 to 8,000 head at its peak, with creek bottoms worn to mud in places.[^2] He took the cattle off, pulled out hundreds of miles of internal barbed wire and put bison on it.[^2] Letting the bison range almost freely overgrazed some areas and undergrazed others, so some fencing went back up.[^2] The ranch, protected by a conservation easement since 1989, now carries about 4,500 bison across nearly 114,000 acres, and more than 5,000 acres of former cropland have gone back to grazing.[^1] It remains a working business: the bison are privately owned, actively managed and part of a commercial ranching system.[^2] Turner died on 6 May 2026.[^2]

## Who needs an answer

- Ranchers weighing whether to switch from cattle to bison, and what fencing, water and grazing plan that takes.
- State wildlife managers, since the ranch shares streams and wildlife with public land; Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks has worked with it on native trout.[^1]
- Land trusts and easement holders deciding what a working-land easement should require.

## The domains it chains

Grazing animals and how they move; grass and plant diversity; streams, banks and native fish; elk, wolves and other wildlife sharing the range; fire and forest treatment; meat sold to market, the business case for keeping the herd.

## What a twin should let people try

- Grazing plans: how many bison, moved how, with how much fencing, before parts of the range are overgrazed?
- Streams: how fast would banks and streamside plants recover under bison compared with cattle, on this ground?
- Scale: what is the smallest ranch on which a bison operation still pays and still keeps the range in shape?

## Where to start

The ranch's own page lists its streams (Spanish, Cherry and Elk creeks among them), the 70 miles of restored trout habitat and the 3,000 acres of treated forest.[^1] Two field studies give comparisons to build on. A 29-year experiment at Konza Prairie in Kansas found bison raised native plant richness by 103% at small scales, against less than half that for cattle.[^3] A study in northcentral Montana found shrubs, woody plants and perennial grasses along streams increased faster in bison pastures than in cattle pastures.[^4] Neither measured the Flying D itself. Wildlife records on [iNaturalist](/data-sources/inaturalist/) and ecosystem-service models such as [InVEST](/engines/invest/) can help frame a comparison.